Why do we despise Victorian Art? asks Jeremy Paxman

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Why the Dickens do we despise Victorian art? asks Jeremy Paxman

Last updated at 12:22 AM on 13th February 2009

When was the last time you visited your local art gallery? Whenever I am in a strange town, I always go. And I head straight for the Victorian paintings.

Now, who wants a figurative painting - and of people in funny clothes at that - when you can have a dismembered calf, an unmade bed or a pile of elephant dung?

The answer is that, if you spare them the time, they will reward you as richly as a novel by Dickens, Hardy or one of the Bronte sisters. They are the great unappreciated witness to how life was when Britain rose to become the greatest power on earth.


Near porn: The Tepidarium shows a naked, sweaty, open-mouthed young woman lying on a bearskin

Modern indifference to them stands in remarkable contrast to their huge popularity at the time. For this was the cinema - or television - of the age.

We all know about the 1851 Great Exhibition, held in an enormous glass palace in Hyde Park (and going from drawing board to opening in nine months - compare that with the protracted labour that ended in the birth of Tony Blair's weird memorial, the Millennium Dome).

The Great Exhibition was an advertisement for British genius, packed with locomotives, steam hammers and scientific instruments, although it's said Victoria herself was especially taken with a bed which tipped you into the bath in the morning and a set of corsets which 'opened instantaneously in the event of an emergency'.

You can see why the crowds poured in. But six years later, in Manchester, another glass-topped building drew in 1.3 million visitors in a mere 142 days.

Most astonishing of all was what they had come to see: the event was an enormous art exhibition. The Manchester Art Treasures show remained for generations the biggest temporary art display ever mounted in Britain.

Enlightened employers, like the Yorkshire mill-owner Titus Salt, hired special trains to bring their workers to see it. They arrived in their Sunday best, accompanied by the works band.

The exhibition was a part of Manchester's coming-of-age. This sprawling, filthy, mess of a place had grown rich on the fruits of the cotton industry: they called it 'cottonopolis'.
As immigrants poured in, the population doubled in 30 years and great stinking slums spread out around the mills.

A French visitor described it as 'a great jerry-built barrack, a workhouse for 400,000 people, a hard-labour penal establishment'.


Casual Ward shows a crowd of people waiting in the snow, waiting to be allowed into a homeless shelter

This was definitely not the sort of place you'd immediately expect to stage the world's biggest art exhibition. But it was part of a conviction among the city fathers that art could ennoble and civilise.

Soon the exhibition would be followed by a majestic mock-medieval town hall, intended to show the world that the most startling new city of the 19th century was as grand as any ancient town in Europe.

The Manchester exhibition is typical of the Victorian can-do approach to life and the ruling-class belief in the 'improving' qualities of culture.

But artists soon realised that there was a real hunger in this new urban mass for pictures which told them not merely about improving things, but about how they lived.

Victorian Britain had been initially alarmed by the development of vast new cities. But the year after the Manchester exhibition, the Royal Academy in London showed William Powell Frith's painting Derby Day, a densely packed canvas depicting the carnival on the Epsom Downs that surrounded (and still surrounds) this great horse race.

All different social classes rubbed up against each other at the Derby, and the picture was a sensation.

Frith's painting, showing aristocrats, criminals, tumblers, a kept woman and dozens of others, was so popular that a stout rail and even stouter policeman had to be stationed in front, to keep back the crowd.

One witness described them 'sniffing it like bloodhounds'. The crowd were thrilling to a recognition of themselves.

Artists soon realised how their bread was buttered and, instead of recoiling from urban reality, began to celebrate it. Seasides, railway stations, street scenes all provided subjects for paintings.

One of my own favourites, George Elgar Hicks's The General Post Office: One Minute To 6, shows the desperate press to catch the post before the shutters come down at closing time.

Porters carry rolled-up newspapers on their heads, a man wipes the sweat from his brow, relieved that he has beaten the deadline, a policeman arrests a low-browed pickpocket in the act of filching someone's purse. There is such an exuberance to it all.

Not all urban art is quite so jolly, of course. Most cities had their dark side, of which the East End of London was the most notorious. Gustave Dore's forays into what a fellow investigator called 'a dark continent within easy walking distance of the General Post Office' crackle with dark and fantastic detail of thieves, prostitutes and opium dens.

The problem for the artists was obvious. The spectacular growth of Victorian Britain meant there was a new class of filthy-rich businessmen willing to spend money on paintings.

Unlike the aristocracy, who might have acquired a taste for Dutch or Italian pictures while on a Grand Tour, they preferred home-grown artists: apart from anything else, it enabled them to avoid being ripped off with an 'Old Master' knocked up in someone's garden shed.

But what newly-rich industrialist would want miserable pictures of the destitute hanging on his walls? By and large, they preferred something with a hint of sophistication, like Greek or Roman heroes, or gods and goddesses. Especially goddesses.

It's when you look at something like a nude Aphrodite chained to a rock that you realise the breathtaking extent of Victorian hypocrisy: artists and their patrons could get away with almost anything as long as it was dignified by having a classical allusion.

Some paintings, like Lawrence Alma-Tadema's Tepidarium, showing a naked, sweaty, open-mouthed young woman lying on a bearskin, are little more than mild pornography.

Indeed, by the 1880s there was such an abundance of flesh on display that a letter appeared in The Times under the headline 'A woman's plea' begging for a halt to the torrent of paintings which 'revolts the sense of decency'.

It was signed 'British matron' but, in fact, had been written by the treasurer of the Royal Academy, an innocent, deeply religious man named John Horsley, whose prudery soon earned him the nickname 'clothes-Horsley'.

The artists who fed the escapist appetite for naked flesh were matched by others who dealt in perhaps the weirdest genre of the lot, fairy paintings.

These precise, highly detailed canvases, packed with countless winged (and often semi-naked) children, leave me slightly cold. But there is no denying their popularity.

Even the greatest of Victorian engineers, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, had a taste for them. It is as if an age which was discovering so much about the origins of life and the limits of science needed reassurance that something remained unknowable.

Artists who tackled subjects closer to home provide a striking insight into the social conventions of the time. When it came to the role of women, they could execute sermons in paint.

Take William Holman Hunt's The Awakening Conscience, for example. A young woman has been sitting on her lover's lap. Her unpinned hair tumbling around her shoulders betrays their intimacy. There is a ring on just about every finger except her wedding finger, for she is a mistress.

But something has triggered an anxiety attack: she has recognised the error of her ways. In case we're in any doubt, the artist labours the point, with a discarded glove on the floor (symbolising the casting off of sin), and a cat playing with a wounded bird.

The laws of the period afforded women few rights, and there are dozens of other pictures showing them their assigned role. The critical importance of sexual fidelity is hammered home in painting after painting.

The fate of the fallen woman, unmarried mother or unfaithful wife was laid out in pictures like G.F. Watt's Found Drowned, showing the body of a young woman, washed up as if crucified under a bridge across the Thames.

The title was taken from a column in the Times, which listed the corpses recovered from the river: in the space of two days in August 1847, the bodies of no fewer than five women were washed up.

Watts's image is sympathetic, but the lesson painted in other pictures is that the woman's role is confined to that of faithful companion and dutiful mother, and woe betide those who stepped beyond the ordered confines of fidelity, obedience and cushion-plumping. Not that the artists themselves weren't capable of hypocrisy.

Reproductions of William Frith's Many Happy Returns Of The Day, for example, hung upon countless suburban walls. The artist had painted this depiction of a child's birthday party from life - or one of his lives.

The birthday girl was his daughter, and his wife and mother are the mother and grandmother depicted in the painting.

Yet in the very year the painting was exhibited, Frith's mistress, whom he'd installed in a house less than a mile away from this cosy middle-class menage, gave birth to his first illegitimate child. There were to be a further six, bringing the old goat's total to 19 children by two women.

Artists such as Frith became celebrities in their own right, making small fortunes, building elaborate houses and occasionally letting the great unwashed through the doors of their studios to gawp at the place where the Great Men created.

Once new techniques of engraving were developed, they became even richer, as the public clamoured for reproductions of works which reflected their world back to them.
Once the Victorian age had ended, the popularity of these artists plummeted. Their paintings have remained more or less unfashionable ever since. It's also true that many of the lesser works simply aren't very good. But the best are rather remarkable pieces of reporting.

Luke Fildes's Applicants For Admission To A Casual Ward shows a queue of people standing in the snow, waiting to be allowed into the overnight shelter for the homeless which was attached to almost every workhouse.

It shows some of the casualties of that competitive capitalist instinct that made Victorian Britain great, but which Friedrich Engels described as 'a battle for life, for existence, for everything'.

Although Fildes claimed to have been inspired by what he saw as he walked the winter streets of London, the picture shows very identifiable 'types', each chosen to impart a particular message. Fildes employed down-andouts to pose for him - paying the barrel-shaped man in the middle of the picture, for example, in jugs of beer.
Apart from the fat drunk, there is a mother and her children (evicted, a note told viewers, after her husband was imprisoned for beating her), an unemployed mechanic nursing his sick child, a disabled ex-soldier, all with their eyes cast down at the ground.

The only one looking elsewhere is the man on the left of the picture, a respectable chap up from the country: he has given all his money to his criminal son.

This use of painting as social or moral commentary is, it seems to me, very close indeed to what Charles Dickens was doing. (Indeed, Dickens was so impressed by Fildes's work that he asked him to provide the illustrations for his last, unfinished, novel, The Mystery Of Edwin Drood.)

When you look at it - the newsreel celebration of humanity, the love stories, the morality tales, the fantastical science fiction - it really was the cinema of its day.

• JEREMY PAXMAN'S The Victorians is published by BBC Books at £25.

Nash wrote:

The first picture is absolutely beautiful, it looks like a photo to me. Who is the artist?

Eddie wrote:

Nah Ville Sky Chick wrote:
The first picture is absolutely beautiful, it looks like a photo to me. Who is the artist?


A certain Lawrence Alma-Tedema, apparently- according to Jeremy (above).

John McLaughlin wrote:

Manchester as cottonopolis - home of LaRue's Manchester University. H'm.

Magpies, Squirrels and Thieves by Jacqueline Yallop – review

Jacqueline Yallop provides a detailed discussion of the Victorian mania for collecting

AS Byatt The Guardian, Saturday 11 June 2011


Dead or alive ... a display of squirrels from Potter's Museum of Stuffed Animals. Photograph: Linda Nylind

Human collections of objects can be instruments of research about the world or objects of aesthetic delight. Linnaeus, Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace made systematic collections of creatures and things. Linnaeus in the 18th century travelled widely and sent students all over the world. At his death in 1778 Joseph Banks tried to buy his collection, which was finally sold to James Edward Smith in 1783 and is now housed in the Linnaean Society in Burlington House in London. There were 14,000 plants, 3,198 insects and 1,564 shells. His pioneering geological collection appears to have been thrown away by the carriers as just bags of old stones. Collecting has its terrors and tragedies. Wallace spent four years in the Amazon and collected and mounted thousands of specimens of plants and animals, only to lose them all in a fire at sea in the Atlantic.


Magpies, Squirrels and Thieves: How the Victorians Collected the World by Jacqueline Yallop

Humans also collect artefacts made by humans. Balzac, in the introduction to The Human Comedy, says that the world consists of "men, women and things – that is to say, persons and the material representation they make of their thoughts – that is to say, man and life." He seems to conceive the making of objects as a kind of evolution which differentiates one man from another, one society from another. Almost a kind of DNA. In The Human Comedy battles rage for the acquisition of objects and collections. Lives are destroyed by rapacious aesthetes and dealers. And Balzac is a great describer of sculptures and clocks, plates and paintings.

Freud too, as Jacqueline Yallop reminds us in her interesting book, was both a collector and interested in collecting. He collected antiquities and described intense collecting as a form of fetishism.

In our own time The Antiques Roadshow and Flog It! have fed our interest in artefacts and added a new word, "collectible", to our vocabulary. The surrealists collected random objects (a collection of which is now on display in Houston in the Menil Collection). Modern artists collect – Tom Phillips's amazing collection of African gold weights was recently on show, and Peter Blake apparently has to be restrained from excluding himself from his studio by filling it with found objects.

Yallop is interested in collecting as an expression of the Victorian age – "a compulsive urge to do things bigger and better, to bring as many elements as possible under one protective umbrella, to control, to regulate and to extend." Her book tells the stories of five very different collectors, against a background of the Great Exhibition of 1851 and the birth of the Victoria & Albert Museum. This was a time when aristocratic good taste was giving way to strong middle-class curiosity about crafts and domestic arts. Her collectors are interested in china and fans, in silver and fabrics, not only in great paintings and sculptures.

She begins with John Charles Robinson, an aesthete who collected, in France and Italy, objects displaced or disturbed by the chaos of French politics after the revolution. Robinson was the superintendent of art collections at the South Kensington Museum, which became the V&A, and was constantly at odds with the director of the museum, Henry Cole. They didn't like each other, but their battle was part of the larger battle between beauty and utility that went on in the world of museums and art education at the time. Cole, and Prince Albert, believed museums were educational and should show ordered examples of good and bad craft work for the instruction of British artists and craftsmen. Cole had instituted a Chamber of Horrors – a collection of bad taste, "a gloomy chamber, hung with frightful objects in curtains, carpets, clothes, lamps and whatnots". Robinson collected for art's sake, and admired the continental museums where objects were displayed in recreated rooms of their periods. There was a school at the museum who believed in orderly rows of all possible knives and all possible bowls. Yallop's account of Murray Marks, a collector who was a friend of DG Rossetti, is about the aesthetic movement, about peacocks and blue and white china – sumptuously displayed in the current V&A exhibition of The Age of Beauty.

Her most vivid section is about the amazing and resourceful Charlotte Schreiber – an aristocrat who made two happy misalliances, and seems to have been indefatigable. As a young woman she learned "many languages, including Arabic, Hebrew and Persian", read Chaucer and Ariosto and "played a mean game of billiards". She had a flirtation with Disraeli but married a Welsh businessman and threw herself into workers' welfare, education and the furnaces and forges at her husband's ironworks. She was active in work for the abolition of slavery, free trade and church reform. She found time to translate the Mabinogion from Welsh to English. When her first husband died she married her son's tutor, Charles Schreiber, and became a serious collector, and patron of Layard the archaeologist. Yallop's book describes the Schreibers, with their big red collecting bag, trundling across rural France to collect something, before it was snapped up by Duveen, and then proceeding to Paris, only to find that the city was destroyed by the Commune, the barricades and their aftermath. They nevertheless made some bargains with a dealer whose shop had not been ransacked or burned.

I was also fascinated by Yallop's account of Stephen Wootton Bushell, who went to Shanghai in 1868 as a young doctor and, as he is described here, took to educating himself about, and collecting, Chinese arts and crafts almost out of boredom, or loneliness. He ended up a great scholar, and went to study the Chinese porcelain collection of William Thomas Walters in Baltimore. In 1896 he published Oriental Ceramic Art, 10 volumes "lavishly bound in yellow cloth, backed with yellow silk" and "full of colour plates and black and white illustrations".

The brief biography of Jacqueline Yallop on the book jacket ends "She does not collect anything." And as I read the book I thought to myself that I could have guessed that. She collects collectors but seems not to be essentially interested in objects; very few are described, and even the big red bag of Mrs Schreiber can be imagined only as an area of redness – we don't know if it is cloth or leather, what its handles are like, how it fastens. She is interested in the psychology of individual collectors – what tips a man or woman over into ferocious acquisitiveness, into seeking particular things across continents. She is interested in the competitiveness of collectors, their desire to have the first or the best example of something. She is interested in collaboration – Bushell and Walters – and in stealth and warfare and stealing marches.

She is interested beyond that in dealers – whose social standing is much lower than that of the great collectors – and in fakes, and the dealers who deal in them. She has a splendid section on a fake bust of Flora "by Leonardo da Vinci" which took in the art world, and on the professional forgers – often highly skilled craftsmen – whose work sometimes stayed undetected in museums for decades.

She is also very good on the relations between collections and the larger world around them. Several of her subjects instituted schools or libraries to educate the world. Joseph Mayer founded a public library and a museum in Liverpool and believed, Yallop says, "that his memorial would be secure". The desire to leave a lasting memorial drove many of her collectors. But in more cases than not, she suggests, the collections are broken up by museum administrators and display artists. Labels that once carried the names of the collectors are replaced by educational ones. Mayer's library was too expensive to keep up, and the Egyptian collection in Liverpool was bombed.

Collections in fiction tend to be sinister. Browning's last duchess is frozen into a smiling painting. In Balzac's Le Cousin Pons the skirmish over a collection destroys the collector. My favourite collector is the innocently smiling Adam Verver in Henry James's The Golden Bowl. He is an American who collects the rarities of old Europe and displays them in his museum in American City. He also collects, and marries, Charlotte Stant, his daughter's beautiful friend, who is having an affair with his daughter's Italian husband. Charlotte is "shipped" to American City. She is seen gracefully showing off the garlands looped round a specimen of vieux Saxe porcelain. Maggie, the daughter, perceives her on an imaginary "long silken halter", describing the collection in a "high coerced quaver before the cabinets in the hushed gallery". She has become an exquisite specimen.

AS Byatt's Ragnarok: The End of the Gods will be published in September by Canongate.

guardian.co.uk © Guardian News and Media Limited 2011

Fern Britton grills Jeremy Paxman about his undies


Jeremy Paxman: was not impressed by Fern Britton's line of questioning. Photograph: David Levene

It is not often that Jeremy Paxman appears uncomfortable – that is the job of his guests on Newsnight, after all – but his visit to ITV1's This Morning today seemed to put him slightly on edge. Despite being there to promote his new BBC1 series about the Victorians, presenter Fern Britton was much more interested in what kind of undies he preferred. As co-host Philip Schofield sat back and let Fern get on with it, Britton went for the jugular – Paxo-stylee. "What type of underwear do you wear?" she asked. To which Paxo replied: "Mind your own business." Taking a note out of Paxman's own book, Britton repeated the question, to which a slightly bewildered Paxo again repeated: "Mind your own business." Alas, Britton didn't have time to repeat the question 14 times as Paxman did in his infamous Newsnight interview with Michael Howard. But Monkey thinks that if ever Paxo steps aside from Newsnight, Britton would make a great replacement.

Bought Jeremy's book the other day. It's next on my "To read" list after Simon Callow's book on Dickens.

Just ordered The English: A Portrait of a People by Paxman. The library system doesn't have The Victorians (yet).

eddie wrote:

Bought Jeremy's book the other day. It's next on my "To read" list after Simon Callow's book on Dickens.

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Amost finished this- and a jolly good read it is, too.

The only quibble I have with my paperback edition is that the lavish illustrations are not large enough to make out some of the important small details to which JP's lively text refers.